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New York Human Environment Interaction

Written By Saturday, October 29, 2022 Add Comment Edit

Overview of the ecology problems in New York City

Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Reservoir in Central Park

Environmental issues in New York City are affected past the city's size, density, abundant public transportation infrastructure, and location at the mouth of the Hudson River.

New York'south population density has ecology pros and cons. Information technology facilitates the highest mass transit utilize in the U.s., but also concentrates pollution. Gasoline consumption in the city is at the charge per unit the national average was in the 1920s,[1] and greenhouse gas emissions are a fraction of the national average, at seven.ane metric tons per person per year, below San Francisco, at eleven.2 metric tons, and the national average, at 24.5 metric tons.[2] New York City accounts for only ane% of U.s. greenhouse gas emissions while housing 2.seven% of its population.[2] In September 2012, New York was named the #1 "America's Dirtiest City," by a Travel+Leisure readership survey that rated the environmental quality of 35 prominent cities in the United states of america. Governors Isle in New York Harbor is planned to host a Usa$i billion research and education center poised to make New York City the global leader in addressing the climate crisis.[3]

Population density in New York City [edit]

Environmental concerns in the metropolis involve managing the city's extraordinary population density. Mass transit utilize is the highest in the nation and gasoline consumption in the city is at the rate the national average was in the 1920s.[1] New York Metropolis'southward dense population and low automobile dependence assistance brand New York among the most energy efficient in the United States.[4] The metropolis's greenhouse gas emission levels are relatively depression when measured per capita, at 7.1 metric tons per person, below San Francisco, at xi.2 metric tons, and the national average, at 24.5.[2] New Yorkers are collectively responsible for one percent of the nation'south total greenhouse gas emissions,[2] though comprise 2.7% of the nation'due south population. The average New Yorker consumes less than half the electricity used past a resident of San Francisco and about one-quarter the electricity consumed by a resident of Dallas.[five]

Concentrated pollution in New York Metropolis leads to high incidence of asthma and other respiratory weather among the metropolis's residents.[6] In recent years the city has focused on reducing its ecology impact. The city government is required to purchase only the virtually free energy-efficient equipment for use in city offices and public housing.[7] New York has the largest clean air diesel-hybrid and compressed natural gas bus fleet in the country, and some of the first hybrid taxis.[8] The city is likewise a leader in the construction of energy-efficient green office buildings, including the Hearst Tower among others.[9]

New York Urban center is supplied with drinking water by the protected Catskill Mountains watershed.[ten] As a result of the watershed's integrity and undisturbed natural water filtration procedure, New York is one of but five major cities in the United States with drinking water pure plenty not to crave purification by water treatment plants.[xi] [12]

Policy and influence [edit]

Lower Manhattan in 1660, when it was part of New Amsterdam (Nieuw Amsterdam).

Equally of 2005[update], the urban center has focused on reducing its environmental affect. The urban center government is required to purchase only the most energy-efficient equipment for employ in city offices and public housing.[13] New York has the largest clean-air diesel fuel-hybrid and compressed natural gas coach fleet in the country, and some of the starting time hybrid taxis.[14] The city is as well a leader in energy-efficient "green" function buildings, such as Hearst Tower and vii Earth Trade Middle.[ix]

Environmental groups brand big efforts to help shape legislation in New York because they see the strategy as an efficient mode to influence national programs. New York Urban center'due south economy is larger than Switzerland's,[15] [16] a size that means the city has potential to set new de facto standards. Manufacturers are also attuned to the latest trends and needs in the metropolis because the market is only likewise big to ignore.

Ex-mayor Michael Bloomberg is one of 248 mayors from 41 states to have signed the U.South. Mayors Climate Protection Understanding. Under the understanding, mayors "strive to meet or beat the Kyoto Protocol targets in their own communities". The city was a petitioner in the landmark Massachusetts v. Ecology Protection Bureau Supreme Courtroom case forcing the EPA to regulate greenhouse gases as pollutants.

Energy efficiency [edit]

Boilerplate annual residential electricity usage by city, 2000-2005[17]
City per-customer kwh use
New York City

four,696

San Francisco

6,753

Chicago

8,143

Phoenix

13,344

Houston

14,542

Dallas

16,611

The city'southward uniquely high density, encouraged past much of it being surrounded by h2o, facilitates the highest rate of mass transit use in the Usa. New York is one of the most energy efficient cities in the Us as a consequence. Gasoline consumption in New York is at the charge per unit the national boilerplate was in the 1920s.[eighteen] The metropolis'south mass transit organization, multifamily housing, mixed neighborhoods and the fact that greenfield country is no longer available to evolution, make building in New York very energy efficient. New York City has a larger population than all but 11 states, and consumes less energy per-capita than whatever.[19] The average New Yorker consumes a little more than half of the electricity of someone who lives in Chicago and nearly one-quarter the electricity consumed past someone who lives in Dallas.[20]

Nevertheless, New York faces growing free energy demands and limited space. The metropolis has introduced a series of ecology policies since the 1990s to accost these problems. Detailed measures included switching more than than 11,000 traffic lights and pedestrian signals in the city to new energy-efficient calorie-free-emitting diodes that use 90% less energy than conventional fixtures. The metropolis replaced 149,000 "cobra head" street lights with new energy-efficient designs by 2008. Over 180,000 inefficient refrigerators in public housing projects take been replaced with new ones that use a quarter of the power of the sometime ones. Past law, the metropolis government can purchase only the virtually efficient cars, air-conditioners and copy machines.[21] The electricity used to power the Statue of Liberty, Ellis Isle and 22 other federal buildings in New York Urban center, an annual electricity demand of roughly 27 1000000 kilowatt hours, is provided by wind power.[22]

New York City is home to several make clean energy projects. Two attempts to provide electricity to Roosevelt Island by installing underwater turbines in the East River failed when the turbine blades were torn off past currents. An improved turbine design proved to be successful and on January 23, 2012 FERC issued a ten-year airplane pilot commercial license to Verdant Power's RITE Projection – the commencement commercial license for tidal power in the Usa. Under the license, Verdant Ability expects to generate up to 1 megawatt afterwards a staged installation of upward to xxx turbines. Planning is too underway to construct windmills on a hill in the former Fresh Kills Landfill. The wind energy project would power five,000 homes on Staten Island.[ citation needed ]

Transportation [edit]

New York is distinguished from other American cities by its all-encompassing employ of public transportation. While nearly 90% of Americans drive to their jobs, public transit is overwhelmingly dominant for New Yorkers.[23] Co-ordinate to the 2000 U.S. Census, New York City is the only locality in the Usa where more than half of all households practice not ain a machine (the figure is fifty-fifty higher in Manhattan, over 75%; nationally, the rate is 8%).[23] About one-third of users of mass transit in the United States and two-thirds of the nation'southward rail riders live in New York and its suburbs, and New York City's public transit arrangement accounts for nearly iv times every bit many passenger miles as the Washington, D.C., and Los Angeles metro regions combined.[24] Merely 6% of shopping trips by New Yorkers involve the utilize of a car.[25]

New York Metropolis's high rate of transit use saved one.8 billion U.s.a. gallons (6,800,000 grand3) of oil in 2006 and $four.vi billion in gasoline costs. New York saves half of all the oil saved by transit nationwide. The reduction in oil consumption meant 11.8 one thousand thousand metric tons of carbon dioxide pollution was kept out of the air.[26] The metropolis'due south extraordinary public transit utilize ways that New Yorkers emit far fewer greenhouse gases on a per capita footing than the boilerplate American. New York Metropolis'south greenhouse gas emissions are 7.1 metric tons per person compared with the national average of 24.5.[2] New Yorkers are collectively responsible for one per centum of the nation'due south total greenhouse gas emissions[2] though comprising 2.seven% of the nation's population.

Green building [edit]

For years New York City was slow to embrace dark-green building guidelines used in cities like San Francisco to promote environmentally friendly construction. In the post-World State of war II construction smash, changes in zoning regulations and the widespread use of air-conditioning led to the design of sealed glass and steel towers. Without natural sources of low-cal and ventilation, such buildings required large amounts of fossil fuels to operate.

This phase of building way is rapidly changing in New York, which has become a leader in free energy-efficient greenish office buildings like 7 World Trade Eye, which recycles rainwater and uses it in toilets and for irrigation, and figurer-controlled heating and lighting. The U.s. Green Building Quango estimates 3,000 new green apartments in New York Urban center take been congenital since 2001.

In 2000 the state of New York introduced a green building taxation credit, the first ane of its kind in the The states, that has allowed some developers of environmentally friendly buildings to write off as much as $6 one thousand thousand on their revenue enhancement bill. The city's Department of Design and Construction developed a set of guidelines in 1999 that encourage environmentally sound building methods for municipal projects. The guidelines had led to approximately $700 million in green city construction projects past the cease of 2005.[27] In 2005, New York City mandated that nonresidential public buildings costing $2 million or more exist congenital to standards prepare past Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED), which grade buildings in areas similar energy and h2o consumption, indoor air quality and use of renewable materials. The legislation too applies to private projects that receive $10 million or more in public funds or half of whose budgets come from public money.

Air pollution [edit]

Prior to the passage of the federal Clean Air Act of 1970 and other local and state regulations in the late 60s, New York City suffered severe smog, with several instances of major smog events similar the 1966 New York City smog.[28]

High cancer adventure from airborne chemicals [edit]

Co-ordinate to the nearly contempo U.South. Environmental Protection Bureau (EPA) National-Scale Air Toxics Assessment study, residents of New York Canton, NY (Manhattan), take the third highest cancer gamble acquired past airborne chemicals of all counties in the United States (including the Commune of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands).[29] Manhattan follows just Tippah Canton, Mississippi (highest risk), and Boyd County, Kentucky (2nd highest risk). Bronx and Kings Counties rank 8th and 9th out of the 3,223 counties and county-equivalents in the United states, while Queens County ranks 13th nationwide.[30]

The 2009 annual report of the American Lung Association ranks the New York Urban center region every bit 22nd amid the top 25 regions in the United States virtually affected by twelvemonth-round particle pollution, and 17th of the top 25 most polluted cities.

Air pollution exposure and risk of tearing behavior [edit]

Air pollution has been linked to tearing behavior. A 2019 study reported that on emerging prove that air pollution causes ambitious or impulsive reactions in people. The study was designed to estimate change in risk of violent and nonviolent criminal behavior associated with curt-term air pollution in U.Due south. counties. The written report used daily monitoring data for ozone from EPA, every bit well as Federal Bureau of Investigation criminal offense data, for 2002 to 2013. The report evaluated the exposure-response relation and assessed differences in risk by community characteristics of poverty, urbanicity, race, and age. The findings propose that even a slight increase in air pollution tin can upshot in tearing beliefs, regardless of the community type.[31]

Emissions management and customs impact [edit]

New York has the largest hybrid bus armada in the country, and some of the get-go hybrid taxis. A large percentage of the city-owned vehicle fleet, including the personal cars of top urban center officials, are required since 2005 to be fuel efficient hybrid vehicles similar the Toyota Prius or Honda Accordance gas-electrical sedan that produce minimal particulates and carbon dioxide emissions. In 2005 the metropolis'due south vehicle fleet had vi,000 alternative fuel and 70 electric vehicles. A biodiesel processing found will soon open in Brooklyn that will process 2.5 meg United states gallons (nine,500 thou3) of biodiesel a yr and distribute information technology to conventional gas stations in the city.[18]

The Section of Sanitation, which has one,500 trucks of its two,200-vehicle fleet on the streets each day, is working with truck manufacturers to introduce gas-electric hybrid garbage trucks. The Department switched to using low-sulfur fuel in 2001 and uses corn-based ethanol in 500 of its 1,500 light-duty trucks.[32]

New York Metropolis has more two,000 hybrid taxis as of mid 2009, more than any other city in N America[33] [34] (although information technology is besides the largest city in Due north America).

Air pollution is an ongoing political consequence in neighborhoods that contain omnibus depots.[xviii] A combination of stakeholder interests regarding profit and a lack of space in NYC leads to air pollution being a difficult issue to solve. Waste material Factories and other sources of air pollution besides omnibus depots affect NYC, and peculiarly impact boroughs like the Bronx and parts of Manhattan.

In New York Urban center, low-income neighborhoods like those in Northern Manhattan and the Bronx, deport a disproportionate share of pollution sources.[35] Health experts have long believed this is the result of environmental racism. This can be defined as "the planned and deliberate targeting of Black and Brown communities in deciding where to place roadways, toxic waste facilities, along with industrial and commercial sites like bus depots and tractor trailer distribution centers" (Dow, 2020).

The Bronx is one of the poorest counties in all of America. When compared to the other boroughs and counties of New York, Bronx County accounts for the highest charge per unit of asthma related emergency room admissions in both the metropolis and the state.

The South Bronx is particularly affected. Asthma is the leading cause of hospitalizations and school absences for Bronx children (Warman et al., 2009). In 2016, there were 42,712 asthma related emergency room admissions in New York City for children ages 0–17. The Bronx accounted for approximately 38% of these cases with sixteen,378 admissions (Citizens' Committee for Children, 2016).

Bronx residents are also disproportionately burdened by exposure to transportation generated air pollution. For example, a band of major highways surrounds the Due south Bronx: the Cross Bronx State highway, Major Deegan Expressway, and the Sheridan Expressway. Bus depots, sanitation centers, and shipping facilities also account for the higher rates of emission exposure.

Health professionals and researchers believe that these glaring disparities created a "perfect storm of events" that led to the Bronx becoming an early COVID-xix epicenter.[ commendation needed ]

H2o supply [edit]

Many of the city'south ecology assets are related to geography and a long tradition of environmental stewardship in the mountain ranges n of the urban center. Because the watershed is in one of the largest protected wilderness areas in the United States, the natural h2o filtration process remains fairly effective, merely has been supplemented with engineered filtration and ultraviolet disinfection systems in the early 21st century.[36]

All water entering New York Urban center'south distribution organisation is treated with chlorine, fluoride, nutrient-grade phosphoric acrid, and, in some cases, sodium hydroxide. New York Metropolis uses chlorine to meet the New York State Sanitary Code and federal Safe Drinking Water Act disinfection requirements. Fluoride, at a concentration of one part per million, is added to help prevent molar decay and has been added since 1966 in accordance with the New York City Wellness Code. Phosphoric acid is added to create a protective film on pipes that reduces the release of metals such every bit lead and copper from household plumbing. Additionally, a sequestering phosphate is applied at several wells to forbid the precipitation of naturally occurring minerals, by and large iron and manganese, in the distribution mains and customers' household pipage. Air stripper facilities can be operated at several wells to remove volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The only well in functioning in 2007 had an air stripper in operation.[37]

The complex New York City h2o supply system—with nineteen reservoirs bringing mountain water from every bit far every bit 125 miles (201 km) away through a gravity-fed web of aqueducts — consists of three dissimilar systems. The Croton organisation, the oldest and smallest department, sits in Westchester and Putnam Counties. The 2d oldest is the Catskill system. In the early years of the 20th century, the city and state designated thousands of acres the eastern Catskills to build two reservoirs that more doubled the city's capacity. In the 1950s and 1960s, the city expanded again, tapping the east and westward branches of the Delaware River and other tributaries to create the newest and largest of its three systems.

The Croton organization is the source of some turbidity problems for the city'due south water. The turbidity problem stems largely from conditions that have been present in the Catskill system from the commencement. Engineering studies in 1903 recognized that the dirt of the steeply sloped Eastern Catskills turned the clear waters of the Schoharie and Esopus Creeks muddy after storms.

Engineers decided to go ahead anyhow, devising a two-reservoir organisation with built-in turbidity controls. The city has sought to restrict development throughout its watershed. 1 of its largest watershed protection programs is the Land Conquering Programme, nether which the New York City Department of Environmental Protection has purchased or protected through conservation easement over 70,000 acres (280 km2) since 1997.[38]

Turbidity bug continued in the Croton system throughout the 20th century, leading to violations of environmental regulations and a 1997 lawsuit against the city past the federal government and the Land of New York.[39] In response the metropolis built the Croton H2o Filtration Plant, which began performance in 2015.[36]

In the 12 months that concluded on June 30, 2006, daily consumption averaged 1.086 billion US gallons (4,110,000 m3) in the city, a reject of 5.two% since 2002 and the everyman total daily use since 1951, when the city had well-nigh vii.nine million people and New York was experiencing a astringent drought. Daily consumption peaked at 1.512 billion US gallons (5,720,000 miii) in 1979; in the side by side year'south census, the city's population was seven.1 1000000, its everyman since 1930. Despite having grown to a population of 8.ii million in 2006, the city is now using 28% less water than information technology did in 1979. The drop in consumption is more often than not a issue of metropolis policy; h2o-saving plumbing fixtures and devices in renovations and new structure are required, the city has been more diligent in finding and fixing leaks, and since the late 1980s it has been metering residential customers' h2o use. The city uses sonar and other equipment to more efficiently find and gear up leaks in its millions of anxiety of h2o mains and has taken steps similar installing sprinkler caps on fire hydrants during the summer, letting overheated kids absurd off without torrents of gushing water.[40]

Garbage disposal [edit]

In September 2012, Travel+Leisure named New York City the #1 'America's Dirtiest City', from the results of a readership survey rating 35 "Favorite Cities" in the United States.

In 2001 Mayor Rudolph Giuliani airtight the Fresh Kills Landfill on Staten Isle. The City did not accept a subsequent plan for garbage disposal. An interim system was put in place in which most of the city's garbage was trucked out of the city to landfills in other states. This generated an unacceptable amount of truck traffic in depression-income neighbourhoods, leading to exacerbated air pollution.[ citation needed ] In 2006 Mayor Michael Bloomberg signed legislation establishing a new solid waste direction plan, which volition apply barges and trains to consign xc% of the city'south 12,000 daily tons of residential trash. Nether the previous scheme trucks and tractor-trailers were used for 84% of the trash. Passage of the new legislation was delayed by opponents in a Manhattan neighbourhood who protested the use of a marine transfer station in the Hudson River Park. Environmentalists and social activists argued the program promoted environmental justice considering no one civic or neighbourhood would carry a disproportionate brunt under the proposal, and they, therefore, supported it.

Noise pollution [edit]

Noise pollution is one of the virtually quality of life problems within the unites states. IN the study of racket senor network it gives the effects of noise disturbance does to a human such as center affliction, sleep disruption, hypertension, and hearing loss.[41]

Other issues [edit]

Much of the city's housing stock is old, and lead paint is an ongoing public health effect. Some parts of the city are also at take chances if current global warming patterns continue and ocean levels ascension.

The metropolis is abode to several thriving non-native species of plants and animals. Populations of wild S American monk parakeets, too known every bit the Quaker parrot, live in Greenwood Cemetery, Marine Park, Bensonhurst, and Bay Ridge in Brooklyn, and in the East Bronx.

Farmers' markets [edit]

In 1976 the Quango on the Environment of New York City established the Greenmarket program, which provides regional small family farmers opportunities to sell their fruits, vegetables and other farm products at open-air markets in city public squares. The Greenmarket program manages 45 markets in the five boroughs. More than than 100 New York City restaurants source their ingredients from Greenmarket farmers each week; Greenmarket farmers besides annually donate most 500,000 pounds of food to City Harvest and other hunger relief organizations each year. The most famous location is the Marriage Square Greenmarket, held Mon, Wednesday, Friday, and Sabbatum between eight a.m. and 6 p.m. year-circular. The market place has 250,000 customers a week who buy 1,000 varieties of fruits and vegetables at the market place.

The markets are anchored by 164 farmers who travel a median distance of 90 miles (140 km), including 90 vegetable and orchard growers, 29 meat, dairy, poultry, wool and fish producers, 12 producers of dearest, maple syrup, jam, and vino, nineteen growers of plants and flowers, and fourteen bakers.

In 2006 the City Council appear it would make farmers' markets the centerpiece of efforts to reduce hunger and increment awareness of nutrition in the city, especially in lower-income areas, and that ten new farmers' markets would open up serving low-income neighborhoods including public housing projects.

Greenpoint oil spill [edit]

The Greenpoint neighborhood of Brooklyn was in one case home to many oil refineries for more than a century. In 1950, the predecessor of the ExxonMobil oil visitor was declared to accept spilled 17 million The states gallons (64,000 m3) of oil into Newtown Creek in what is one of the worst oil spills in United States history.[42] Oil continues seeping into a urban center waterway decades after the leak was first noticed.

The oil business has largely moved elsewhere, simply countless small and big spills went unnoticed for decades and eventually formed a subterranean blob of more than 50 acres (200,000 thoutwo). Authorities accept been aware of the problem since 1978. Exxon Mobil accepted responsibility for much of the damage in 1990 and has since pumped some ix million US gallons (34,000 m3) out of the ground.

The dull pace of the cleanup, however, has increasingly angered Greenpoint residents and elected officials, who have launched a series of lawsuits against Exxon in 2004. In June 2006 the New York State Section of Environmental Conservation announced information technology would sue Exxon Mobil to hasten completion of the cleanup.

Pests [edit]

There are typically 40-50 rats within a colony, and rat colonies are territorial. Two colonies are unlikely to inhabit the exact location, which would suggest what the rat population within New York would be. A 2014 paper estimated the rat population of New York City proper to be about 2 million, or 1 for every four people.[43] In 2013 Evangelista et al. start detected the Japanese cockroach (Periplaneta japonica).[44] The Japanese joins four congeners that already inhabited the city (and other cities in Due north and South America), P. americana, P. fuliginosa, P. brunnea, and P. australasiae.[44] This is the first detection of P. japonica anywhere in North America.[44] Carlen & Munshi-South 2020 find that the city'southward edifice landscape is helping feral pigeon gene flow here, contrary to the case of rats (see Rats in New York City § Genetics).[45]

Meet besides [edit]

  • Climate change in New York Metropolis
  • Wellness effects arising from the September 11 attacks
  • OneNYC
  • PlaNYC
  • New York Urban center Department of Environmental Protection

References [edit]

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External links [edit]

  • New York City Office of Environmental Coordination
  • Air quality in New York and Manhattan

New York Human Environment Interaction,

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_New_York_City

Posted by: sanchezyournegand.blogspot.com

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